Appendix: Syntax summary

The following code illustrates the syntax of the various blocks used in IDP-Z3.

T denotes a type, c a constructor, p a proposition or predicate, f a constant or function. The equivalent ASCII-only encoding is shown on the right.

vocabulary V {
    type T
    type T ≜ {c1, c2, c3}                     type T := {c1, c2, c3}
    type T ≜ constructed from {c1, c2(T1, f:T2)}
    type T ≜ {1,2,3}                          type T := {1,2,3}
    type T ≜ {1..3}                           type T := {1..3}
    // built-in types: 𝔹, ℤ, ℝ, Date, Concept Bool, Int, Real, Date, Concept

    p : () → 𝔹                                p: () -> Bool
    p1, p2 : T1 ⨯ T2 → 𝔹                      p1, p2: T1*T2 -> Bool
    f: T → T                                  f: T -> T
    f1, f2: Concept[T1->T2] → T               f1, f2: Concept[T1->T2] -> T

    [this is the intended meaning of p]
    p : () → 𝔹

    var x ∈ T                                 var x in T
    import W
}

theory T:V {
    (¬p1()∧p2() ∨ p3() ⇒ p4() ⇔ p5()) ⇐ p6(). (~p1()&p2() | p3() => p4() <=> p5()) <= p6().
    p(f1(f2())).
    f1() < f2() ≤ f3() = f4() ≥ f5() > f6().  f1() < f2() =< f3() = f4() >= f5() > f6().
    f() ≠ c.                                  f() ~= c.
    ∀x,y ∈ T: p(x,y).                         !x,y in T: p(x,y).
    ∀x ∈ p, (y,z) ∈ q: q(x,x) ∨ p(y) ∨ p(z).  !x in p, (y,z) in q: q(x,x) | p(y) | p(z).
    ∃x ∈ Concept[()→B]: $(x)().               ?x in Concept[()->B]: $(x)().
    ∃x: p(x).                                 ?x: p(x).


    f() in {1,2,3}.
    f() = #{x∈T: p(x)}.                       f() = #{x in T: p(x)}.
    f() = sum(lambda x∈T: f(x)).              f() = sum(lambda x in T: f(x)).
    if p1() then p2() else p3().
    f1() = if p() then f2() else f3().

    p ≜ {1,2,3}.                             p := {1,2,3}.
    p(#2020-01-01) is enumerated.
    p(#TODAY) is not enumerated.

    { p(1).
      ∀x∈T: p1(x) ← p2(x).                    !x in T: p1(x) <- p2(x).
      f(1)=1.
      ∀x: f(x)=1 ← p(x).                      !x: f(x)=1 <- p(x).
      ∀x: f(x)≜1 ← p(x).                      !x: f(x):=1 <- p(x).
    }

    [this is the intended meaning of the rule]
    p().
}

structure S:V {
    p ≜ false.                               p := false.
    p ≜ {1,2,3}.                             p := {1,2,3}.
    p ≜ {0..9, 100}.                         p := {0..9, 100}.
    p ≜ {#2021-01-01}.                       p := {#2021-01-01}.
    p ≜ {(1,2), (3,4)}.                      p := {(1,2), (3,4)}.
    p ≜ {                                    p := {
    1 2                                       1 2
    3 4                                       3 4
    }.                                        }.

    f ≜ 1.                                   f := 1.
    f ≜ {→1} .                               f := {-> 1}.
    f ≜ {1→1, 2→2}.                          f := {1->1, 2->2}.
    f ≜ {(1,2)→3} else 2.                    f := {(1,2)->3} else 2.
    f ⊇ {(1,2)→3}.                           f >> {(1,2)->3}.
}

display {
    goal_symbol ≜ {`p1, `p2}.                goal_symbol := {`p1, `p2}.
    hide(`p).
    expand ≜ {`p}.                           expand := {`p}.
    view() = expanded.
    optionalPropagation().
}

procedure main() {
    pretty_print(model_check    (T,S))
    pretty_print(model_expand   (T,S))
    pretty_print(model_propagate(T,S))
    pretty_print(minimize(T,S, term="cost()"))
}

See also the Built-in functions.